Celje

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Template:Article issues Template:Infobox Settlement Celje (Template:Audio; Template:Lang-de; Template:Lang-hu) is the third largest city in Slovenia. Exhibiting the typical characteristics of a Central European city, it is the regional center of Lower Styria and the administrative seat of the municipality of the same name - the Urban Municipality of Celje (Mestna občina Celje). Celje is located under Upper Celje Castle (407 m) at the confluence of the Savinja (Template:Lang-de), Ložnica, and Voglajna (with its tributary Hudinja) rivers in the lowest part of the Savinja Valley. It is 241 m above mean sea level (MSL).

Contents

History

The first settlement in the area of Celje appeared during the Hallstatt era. The settlement was known in the Celtic times as Kelea; findings suggest that Celts coined money in the region.

Once the area was incorporated in the Roman Empire, it was known as Civitas Celeia. It received municipal rights in AD 46 under the name municipium Claudia Celeia during the reign of the Roman Emperor Claudius (41-54). Records suggest that the town was rich and densely populated, secured with the walls and towers, containing multi-storied marble palaces, wide squares, and streets. It was called Troia secunda, the second; or small Troy. A Roman road through Celeia led from Aquileia (Sln. Oglej) to Pannonia. Celeia soon became a flourishing Roman colonies, and many great buildings were constructed, such as the temple of Mars, which was known across the Empire. Celeia was incorporated into Aquileia ca. 320 under the Roman Emperor Constantine I (272-337).

The city was razed by Slavic tribes during the Migration period of the fifth and sixth centuries, but was rebuilt in the Early Middle Ages. The first mention of Celje in the Middle Ages was under the name of Cylie in Admont's Chronicle, which was written between 1122 and 1137.

The town was the seat of the Counts of Celje from 1341 to 1456 It acquired market-town status in the first half of the 14th century and town privileges from Count Frederick II on 11 April 1451.

File:SLO-Celje08.JPG
Gosposka Street with the Cathedral of the Prophet Daniel in the background

After the Counts of Celje died out in 1456, the region was inherited by the Habsburgs of Austria and administered by the Duchy of Styria. The city walls and defensive moat were built in 1473. Many local nobles converted to Protestantism during the Protestant Reformation, but the region was converted back to Roman Catholicism during the Counter-Reformation. Celje became part of the Habsburgs' Austrian Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1867, after the defeat of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War, the town became part of Austria-Hungary.

The first service on the Vienna-Trieste railway line came through Celje on 27 April 1846. In 1895, Celje secondary school, established in 1808, began to teach in Slovene.

At the end of the 19th century and in the early 1900s, Celje was a center of German nationalism which had repercussions for Slovenes. The 1910 census showed that 66,8% of the population was German.[1] A symbol of this was the German Cultural Center(Template:Lang-de), built in 1906 and opened on 15 May 1907, today it is Celje Hall (Template:Lang-sl). The centuries-old German name of the town, Cilli, sounded no longer German enough to some German residents, the form Celle being preferred by many. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica listed the town under the German name Cilli.

Population growth was steady during this period. In 1900, Celje had 6,743 inhabitants and by 1924 this had grown to 7,750. The National Hall (Narodni dom), which hosts the Mayors Office and Town Council today, was built in 1896. The first telephone line was installed in 1902 and the city received electric power in 1913.

File:Celje Vischer.jpg
Celje, Georg Matthäus Vischer, Topographia Ducatus Stiriae, Graz 1681

Slovene and German ethnic nationalism increased during the 19th and early 20th centuries. With the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918 as a result of World War I, Celje became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as Yugoslavia). During this period, the town experienced a rapid industrialization and a substantial growth in population.

Celje was occupied by Germany in April 1941. The Gestapo came to Celje on 16 April 1941 and were followed three days later by SS leader Heinrich Himmler, who inspected Stari pisker. During the war the city suffered from allied bombing, aimed at important communication lines and military installations. The National Hall was severely damaged.

The toll of the war on the city was heavy. The city (including nearby towns) had a pre-war population of 20,000 and lost 575 people during the war, mostly between the ages of 20 and 30. More than 1,500 people were deported to Serbia or into the German interior of the Third Reich. Around 300 people were interned and around 1,000 people imprisoned in Celje's prisons. An unknown number of citizens were 'forcibly' conscripted into the German army. Around 600 "stolen children" were taken to Nazi Germany for germanization. A monument in Celje called Vojna in mir (War and Peace) by the sculptor Jakob Savinšek, commemorates the World War II era.

File:Celje-1441.JPG
Celje southwards on the picture from 1750. The Voglajna River on the left flows into the Savinja River (Template:Lang-de), which then flows to its end in the Sava River. On the right of the Savinja an island can be seen; today the district that covers the island is called Otok, which is Slovene for 'island'.
File:Celje Vojna in mir.jpg
War and Peace monument (Vojna in mir) by Jakob Savinšek

After the end of the war, the remaining German-speaking portion of the populace was expelled. The new communist government took advantage of existing anti-tank trenches, dug around Celje by the retreating German army, by using them as mass graves. They were filled with Croatian, Serbian, and Slovenian militia members who had collaborated with the Germans, as well as civilians who had opposed either the national liberation movement or the communist revolution during the war, civilians of German descent or simply individuals accused or suspected of anti-communism. The purpose was to physically eliminate any potential political opposition, on the pretext of collaboration with the enemy. The Yugoslav National Army executed more than 80,000 - mostly Croat, German and Slovenian - prisoners in the Celje area, without any judicial process. The bodies were buried in hidden mass graves in Celje; the exact number is still not known. At the concentration camp at Teharje, some 5,000 Slovenians, hundreds of them minors, were murdered within two months after the end of the war, again without trial. Furthermore, refugee trains carrying German civilians from the "Rann triangle" area were halted near Celje on August 5, 1945 and their passengers sent to a concentration camp at Teharje. After the camp was closed in 1950, the local authorities established a huge industrial dump over the graveyard there, concealing the evidence of killings under a mound of toxic waste. In the middle 70s, 30 years after crimes, the local authorities build preschools, schools, blocks, halls and other objects on mass graves. In 1991, when it became possible again to discuss the facts pertaining to the massacre, the Slovenian government decided to build a memorial to the victims of Teharje.

Celje became part of independent Slovenia following the Ten-Day War in 1991. On April 7, 2006, Celje became the seat of a new Diocese of Celje, created by Pope Benedict XVI within the Archdiocese of Maribor. The town's tourist sights include a Grayfriars' monastery founded in 1241 and a palace from the 16th century.

Symbols

File:Celje-grb.svg
Escutcheon of Ulrich II of Celje

The coat of arms of Celje are based on the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje.

The coat-of-arms of Celje was selected for the national arms immediately after World War I in 1918, when Slovenia together with Croatia and Serbia formed the original Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). A similar coat of arms was integrated into the Slovenian national arms in 1991.

Subdivisions

File:Celje-rscd.png
An old postcard of the railway station in front, Celje Hall on the right, and the Iron Court (Železni dvor, Eisenhof) on the far left

Settlements

The urban municipality is divided into 39 villages:

Districts and local communities

File:SLO-Celje23.JPG
The National Hall (Narodni dom), today a town hall, (Jan Vladimir Hrásky, 1895-1896)
File:Celje Celjski dom 001.jpg
The Celje Hall (Celjski dom), (Peter Paul Brang, 1905-1906)

The settlement Celje has 10 districts (mestne četrti) and the municipality 9 local communities (krajevne skupnosti):

Districts

Local communities

Demographics

Year Population[1]
1439 1,000
1798 1,400
1820 1,635
1834 1,511
1840 1,793
Year Population
1900 6,743
1924 7,750
1940 20,000
2002 48,081
2007 45,826

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Celje has 47,660 citizens as of 2002:

  • Male: 22,744;
  • Female: 24,816;
  • Households: 18,410;
  • Mean number of household members: 2.6;
  • Apartments: 19,578;
  • Buildings with apartments: 8,090.

The Celje annual municipal festival is held on April 11.

Education

Celje does not have its own university, although some college-level education has been established in the city. The Faculty of Logistics, formally part of the University of Maribor, was established in Celje in 2005. In 2006, Tehnopolis Celje was established, a technological center with an international university. The project will be completed in 2013.

Law and government

Mayor

The current mayor of Celje is Bojan Šrot, elected for the third time in 2006.

Courts

In Celje there are three courts of general jurisdiction:

  • Celje Higher Court;
  • Celje District Court;
  • Celje Local Court.

In addition to that there are also Celje Labour Court for resolving labour law disputes and an external department of Administrative Court for resolving disputes arising from administrative procedures.

Communications

File:Celje Post Office.jpg
The Celje Post Office

Postal number: SI-3000 (from 1991). (Old one: 63000 (between 1945-1991)).

Miscellaneous

Template:Trivia

  • The Celje region is frequently shaken by minor earthquakes.
  • In the local colloquial Slovene dialect, Celje is called Cjele or Cele, giving it a special modulation, spoken mainly by its citizens.

Twin cities and friendship towns

Twin cities[1]
Grevenbroich Template:GER (since 1986)
Singen Template:GER (since 1990)
Friendship towns
Budva Template:MNE
Cherepovets Template:RUS
Ćuprija Template:SRB
Graz Template:AUT
Spittal an der Drau Template:AUT

Notable residents

Gallery

Celje - pogled z gradu.JPG

Celje in 2004 - a view from Upper Celje Castle.

SLO-Celje19.JPG

Southeastern water tower (Vodni stolp).

Celjski grad.JPG

Upper Celje Castle, viewed from the banks of Savinja River in Pečovnik toward the northeast.

Celje 2004 001.jpg

Celje in 2004 - a view from Frederick's tower of the Upper Celje castle towards the northwest.

Celje Railway station.jpg

Railway station today.

Notes

Template:Reflist

References

External links

Template:Commons

Template:Celje Template:Municipalities of Slovenia Template:Coordbe:Горад Цэле bs:Celje cs:Celje da:Celje de:Celje et:Celje es:Celje fr:Celje hr:Celje id:Celje it:Celje la:Celeia mk:Целје nl:Celje ja:ツェリェ no:Celje nn:Celje pl:Celje pt:Celje ro:Celje ru:Целе sk:Celje sl:Celje sr:Цеље sh:Celje fi:Celje sv:Celje tr:Celje vo:Celje zh:采列

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